The instruments have generated more than 2,000 scientific papers on many areas of fundamental particle physics. This is to ensure that neither collaboration is influencing the other and that each provides a check on their sister experiment. Over the last 10 years, the LHC has smashed atoms together for its two main experiments, ATLAS and CMS, which operate and analyze their data separately. ![]() Physicists and engineers replaced the heart of the CMS experiment in 2017 to improve its ability to make precise measurements. The LHC operates at energies 6.5 times higher than the previous record-holding particle accelerator, Fermilab's decommissioned Tevatron in the U.S. The facility is capable of creating around 600 million collisions every second, spewing out incredible amounts of energy and, every once in a while, an exotic and never-before-seen heavy particle. Within the ring, 9,300 magnets guide packets of charged particles in two opposite directions at a rate of 11,245 times a second, finally bringing them together for a head-on collision, according to CERN (opens in new tab). The project was officially approved 20 years later, in 1997, and construction began on the ring that passed beneath the French-Swiss border capable of accelerating particles up to 99.99% the speed of light and smashing them together. The origins of the LHC stretch all the way back to 1977, when Sir John Adams, the former director of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), suggested building an underground tunnel that could accommodate a particle accelerator capable of reaching extraordinarily high energies, according to a 2015 history paper (opens in new tab) by physicist Thomas Schörner-Sadenius. ![]() How long did it take to build the Large Hadron Collider?
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